Geology hand written notes

    Composition of atmosphere *Composition of the atmosphere* The earth's atmosphere is a multilayered gaseous envelope which surrounds the earth for all sides and is attached to the earth's surface by it.(earth's) gravitational force. The air is a mechanic mixture of several gases. Basically, the atmosph is composed of three major constituents,  (1) gases  (2) water vapour, and  (3) aerosols * Gases:-     The gaseous composition of the atmosphere consists of two categories of gases e.g. (i) constant or permanent gases, and (ii) variable gases. It may be mentioned that the study of atmospheric gases started in the 18th century when carbon dioxide was discovered and studied in 1752 followed by the discovery of gaseous nitrogen (N J by Rutherford in 1772 and was named as mephitic air. The oxygen atmosphere in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) and percent by volume. The following gas laws have been formulated from time to time

         Use of trace fossil in stratigraphy and Sedimentology Trace fossils are characterized by long time range but narrow facies range. These characters together with the fact that trace fossils show no secondary displacement and often occur abundantly in rocks, which have only a few body fossils, make them invaluable for stratigraphic and sedimentological investigation. When preserved as surfacial features trace fossils help determining the depositional top of a sequence. Under suitable conditions trace fossils also provide clues to the physical and chemical conditions prevailing at the time of sedimentation. Following are some of the examples. Depositional Facies and Palaeo bathymetry The animals responsible for' generation of particular types of trace fossils are sensitive to environmental and bathymetric conditions. Following this clue Seilacher proposed that assemblages of trace fossils might be used for interpretation of depositional facies (,ichnof

             In this pdf you will get             BASIN Introduction:- Sedimentary basin are regions where sediment are accumulates into succession over areas of thousands to hundreds of meters in thickness . The underlying controls on the formation sedimentary basin is plate tectonics setting and tectonic processes . Sedimentary basins are region of long term subsidence creating accommodation space for infiling by sediments. MECHANISM OF BASIN Sedimentary basins can result from a variety of causes, * Thinning of bed * Sedimentary, volcanic, and tectonic loading *  Changes in thickness or density of adjacent lithosphere * Mechanical stretching * Thermal subsidence  * Loading / sagging connection to oceans and sea level changes:- climate effects of weathering, transport and deposition:-                                     CLASSIFICATION ;- There are three main settings of basin formation can be recognized Basin associated with

LIMESTONE :- Limestones are familiar and widespread rocks that form the peaks of mountains in the Himalayas, form characteristic karst landscapes and many spectacular gorges throughout the world. Limestone is also important in the built environment, being the construction material for structures ranging from the Pyramids of Egypt to many palaces and churches. As well as being a good building stone in many places, limestone is also important as a source of lime to make cement, and is hence a component of all concrete, brick and stone buildings and other structures, such as bridges and dams. Limestone strata are common through much of the stratigraphic record and include some very characteristic rock units, such as the Late Cretceous Chalk, a relatively soft limestone that is found in many parts of the world. The origins of these rocks lie in a range of sedimentary environments: some form in continental settings, but the vast majority are the products of processes in

Interaction of EMR with matter                 In this pdf you will get  INTRACTION EMR WITH MATTER  * Interaction of EMR with Atmospheric matter . * Scattering  * Absorption * Emission Scattering-  *Non selective Scattering  *Selective Scattering  *Mie Scattering  Absorption-  *Atmospheric Absorption  Emission-  *Atmospheric Emission  Reflection mechanism *Specular reflection  *Non Specular reflection  *Solar reflection  Absorption Mechanism- *Atmospheric absorption  CLICK HERE TO GET PDF_FILES  

Digital image technique Digital Image Technique Introduction :- A digital image is an array of no depicting spatial distribution of a certain field or parameter. It is digital representation in the form of row and columns , where each number of array represents the relative value of the parameter at that point/over the unit area. Source of multispectral image data The various types of scanner used on areal and space borns platforms constitute the basic source and provide the bulk of remote sensing multispectral digital imagery. Techniques of digital image processing :- Radiometric correction  Geometric image correction Image register  Image enhancement  Image filtering  Image transformation  Color of enhancement  Image segmentation  Image fusion  2.5 dimensional visualization  Classification  Click here to get pdf

SEDIMENTARY FACIES  It is an assemblage of rock, mineral and fossil which represent the environment or condition of it's origin. It refers to the appearance and peculiarities which distinguish a stratigraphic unit, that is formed by assemblage of adjacent unit. Sedimentary facies Lithofacies.  Biofacies. Stratigraphic unit Lithostraigraphic Biostratigraphic Chrostratigraphic Parameters of sedimentary facies Geometric  Lithology Sedimentary structure  Paleocurrent pattern  Fossil Click here to get pdf  

Paleocurrent analysis  (paleocurrent indicator analysis) • Measurement of the orientation of key  sedimentary structures formed during  transport of sediment by moving fluid. Paleocurrent CLICK HERE TO GET PDF_FILE